Arduino UNO
Arduino UNO is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-use programmable open-source microcontroller board that can be integrated into a variety of electronic projects. This board can be interfaced with other Arduino boards, Arduino shields, Raspberry Pi boards and can control relays, LEDs, servos, and motors as an output. Arduino UNO features AVR microcontroller Atmega328, 6 analogue input pins, and 14 digital I/O pins out of which 6 are used as PWM output.
- ATmega328: This is the brain of the board in which the program is stored.
- Ground Pin: there are several ground pins incorporated on the board.
- PWM: the board contains 6 PWM pins. PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation, using this process we can control the speed of the servo motor, DC motor, and brightness of the LED.
- Digital I/O Pins: there are 14 digital (0-13) I/O pins available on the board that can be connected with external electronic components.
- Analogue Pins: there are 6 analogue pins integrated on the board. These pins can read the analogue sensor and can convert it into a digital signal.
- AREF: It is an Analog Reference Pin used to set an external reference voltage.
- Reset Button: This button will reset the code loaded into the board. This button is useful when the board hangs up, pressing this button will take the entire board into an initial state.
- USB Interface: This interface is used to connect the board with the computer and to upload the Arduino sketches (Arduino Program is called a Sketch)
Applications: The Arduino boards can work as a stand-alone project and can be interfaced with other Arduino boards or Raspberry Pi boards. Arduino UNO board is used in the following applications. 1.Weighing Machines 2.Traffic Light Count Down Timer 3.Parking Lot Counter 4.Embedded systems 5.Home Automation 6.Industrial Automation 7.Medical Instrument 8.Emergency Light for Railways
Capacitors
A capacitor made from two conductive plates with an insulator between them and it stores electrical energy in the form of an electric field. A capacitor blocks the DC signals and allows the AC signals and also used with a resistor in a timing circuit.
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Diode
A Transistor made from two conductive plates with an insulator between them and it stores electrical energy in the form of an electric field. A capacitor blocks the DC signals and allows the AC signals and also used with a resistor in a timing circuit.
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Battery
A Transistor made from two conductive plates with an insulator between them and it stores electrical energy in the form of an electric field. A capacitor blocks the DC signals and allows the AC signals and also used with a resistor in a timing circuit.
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Oscilloscope
The most reliable Test Equipment for observing continuously varying signals is an Oscilloscope. With the help of an Oscilloscope, we can observe the changes in an electrical signal like voltage, over time. Oscilloscopes are used in a wide range of field like Medical, Electronic, Automobile, Industrial and Telecommunication Applications.
- Oscilloscopes are used to view the signals coming directly from devices such as sound cards, allowing the real-time display of waves.
- They are used as electrocardiograms, to test circuits and to troubleshoot electronic devices such as televisions.
- Oscilloscopes with storage features allow signals to be captured, retrieved and analyzed for later use..
- Oscilloscopes record incoming signals on a two dimensional graph which shows period, amplitude, peak voltage, peak to peak voltage and frequency.
- Oscilloscopes measure and plot the wave shape of an electrical signal. Because of their importance in electrical diagnostics, they are indispensable equipment for electricians.
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Resistor
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronics component, used to oppose or limit the current. Resistor works based on the principle of Ohm’s law which states that “voltage applied across the terminals of a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it”
- Used in an electronic circuit to keep the right condition in the circuit.
- Used for all forms of control: Like volume control on radios. Sliders in audio mixer.
- Used in a number of sensor applications.
- Used in high power rating devices and equipment, testing and measuring devices and industries.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
Relay
A Transistor made from two conductive plates with an insulator between them and it stores electrical energy in the form of an electric field. A capacitor blocks the DC signals and allows the AC signals and also used with a resistor in a timing circuit.
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- Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit.
- Iure at voluptas aspernatur dignissimos doloribus repudiandae.
- Est ipsa assumenda id facilis nesciunt placeat sed doloribus praesentium.
Voluptas nisi in quia excepturi nihil voluptas nam et ut. Expedita omnis eum consequatur non. Sed in asperiores aut repellendus. Error quisquam ab maiores. Quibusdam sit in officia
Inductors
An inductor is also referred to as an AC resistor which stores electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy. It resists the changes in the current and the standard unit of inductance is Henry. The capability of producing magnetic lines is referred to as inductance.
- Inductors are used in tuning circuits
- These are used as sensors
- It is also used to store energy in a device
- Inductors are used in induction motors
An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of inductance is the henry (H) named for 19th century American scientist Joseph Henry. In the measurement of magnetic circuits, it is equivalent to weber/ampere. Inductors have values that typically range from 1 µH (10−6 H) to 20 H. Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance.
Piezoelectric sensor
A Piezoelectric Sensor requires no external voltage or current source, they are able to generate an output signal from the strain applied.A piezoelectric sensor converts physical parameters - for example, acceleration, strain or pressure into an electrical charge which can then be measured. They are highly sensitive and very small in size making them well suited to everyday objects.
- High strength
- High voltage output
- Elastic compliance
- Wide frequency range
- Impact resistance
- High mechanical strength
- High stability
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Bridge Rectifier (Full wave bridge rectifier):
Many electronic circuits require a rectified DC power supply to power various electronic basic components from the available AC mains supply. Rectifiers are used to convert an AC power to a DC power. Among the rectifiers, the bridge rectifier is the most efficient rectifier circuit. Characteristics of Bridge Rectifier:
- Ripple Factor :For bridge rectifiers, the ripple factor is 0.48.
- The rectifier efficiency determines how efficiently the rectifier converts Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC). Rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of the DC output power to the AC input power.
- The maximum efficiency of a bridge rectifier is 81.2%.
- η= DC OUTPUT POWER/AC OUTPUT POWER
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Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,[1] which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
- Microwave ovens and other household appliances
- Sporting events such as basketball games
- Electrical alarms
- Joy buzzer (mechanical buzzer used for pranks)
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LCD DISPAY:
An electronic device that is used to display data and the message is known as LCD 16×2. As the name suggests, it includes 16 Columns & 2 Rows so it can display 32 characters (16×2=32) in total & every character will be made with 5×8 (40) Pixel Dots. So the total pixels within this LCD can be calculated as 32 x 40 otherwise 1280 pixels. Specifications of LCD 16X2 The specifications of LCD 16X2 are discussed below.
- The operating voltage of this display ranges from 4.7V to 5.3V
- The display bezel is 72 x 25mm
- The operating current is 1mA without a backlight
- LED color for backlight is green or blue
- Number of columns – 16 & Number of rows – 2
- Number of LCD pins – 16 & Characters – 32
- It works in 4-bit and 8-bit modes.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2 LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of 5×8 Pixel Dots.
